Was unsure where to start, but it turns out I already have a few descriptions of weapons posted.
Swords:
Arming sword - Traditional knightly weapon of the Middle Ages. Often confused with the longsword (which is a long-bladed 2-handed weapon designed with advanced armour in mind) or the broadsword (which is a basket-hilted chopping sword). In it's day, was expensive enough to be reserved for professional men-at-arms. Ordinary soldiers used spears and daggers mostly, hunting bows and hand axes (far more readily available).
Single-handed and double-edged, designed more for cutting and thrusting, although clearly suitable for either. Light and versitile, boasting excellent balance for control and mobility for both striking and parrying. Functions poorly against armour, however, relying on the cutting edge to kill and requiring direct hits to strike through even light armours.
Armour:
Maille - Steel wire made into rings and then linked together into a garment. Often mistakenly called 'chain'.
Prevents edged weapons from cutting to the skin and is supported by a layer of thick linen cloth stuffed to cushion the force of blows. Will still suffer bruising from direct hits, or potentially broken bones from impact-based weapons, but will otherwise ward off strikes. Narrow or tapered weapons can split the rings as well, although these weapons are typically specifically designed for that purpose and have their own limits.
Gambeson - True padded armour, made of layers of cloth garment sewn into tubes or diamond shaped cells in either case stuffed with things such as cloth waste, straw, horsehair or similar material that is ideally resistant to cutting. Ideal use for a gambeson was beneath maille to cushion blows, although metal armour was very expensive and so gambesons were more often worn as stand-alone armour on the battlefield.
Generally padding intended to be worn over armour, or a long knee length coat of padding, is known as a gambeson - protective padding for beneath metal armour is known as an aketon.
Currently much amateur testing using various targets covered with aketon-like garments has shown that quilted defenses significantly decreased the penetration of sword cuts into the targets but did not completely prevent penetration. A quilted garment made of 16 folds of linen alone provided similar or better protection than 5mm of cuir bouilli (boiled leather) defense (~80-90J of energy needed to penetrate). The energy available to a sword or axe varies from 60 to 130J. In other words, 16 folds of linen may not be enough to completely prevent penetration by a sword, but the amount of damage dealt is significantly decreased. In addition, he also writes that the combination of padding and metal armour increases the energy needed by a piercing weapon (lance, arrow, crossbow bolt, etc.) for penetration as compared to the energy needed to penetrate the metal plate alone. Of course many of the actual garments were padded with hemp or wool or other tough-to-cut materials which largely decreased the need for many linen layers.
A good source on these is
http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_spot_quilted.html
Cuir bouilli - Leather treated with hot water hardens, thickens, shrinks, and possibly turns brittle... seeming more like wood than leather. However, it can still be moulded into shapes when hardening, so can make a fine breastplate or similar armour. This has been done often. Lesser examples of cuir bouilli is equal to motorcycle gear. Better examples are more common.
Leather armour in action is...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jpuSzgkZN4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7L_EmI6V ... re=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLGwNY3x ... re=related
My faith protects me, my kevlar helps.